By V.A. Mohamad Ashrof
Abstract:
This paper challenges the assumption that Islam mandates a theocratic form of governance, arguing instead that a secular state aligns more closely with Quranic principles. By examining key themes in the Quran—such as freedom of choice and moral agency, pluralism and the recognition of human diversity, and a vision of justice that transcends religious boundaries—it demonstrates how secular governance upholds and amplifies these values. The analysis is enriched with historical examples and Quranic narratives, illustrating Islam’s inherent flexibility in matters of governance. Ultimately, this paper contends that a secular state serves as a robust framework for promoting justice, compassion, and human dignity, embodying the ethical and moral imperatives of the Quran in a diverse and pluralistic society.
1.Islam as a Universal Message
The Quran presents Islam as a universal and eternal message, preached by all prophets since the creation of the world (Q.42:13, 4:163-164). Consequently, all prophets throughout history are considered Muslims by definition in the Quran (Q.6:163; 7:143; 10:72, 10:84, 10:90; 27:31, 27:38, 27:42, 27:91; 39:12; 46:15 etc.).
The Quran guarantees equality and justice for all humans, regardless of their differences, unless a state of war is initiated against Muslims (see Q.9:1-6, 9:13, 49:13, 4:1, 60:8-9). Even in wartime, protection is guaranteed for those who seek it (Q.9:6). The concept of Jihad, often misunderstood as “sacred war,” was developed as a religious duty in the context of the Arab expansion after the Prophet’s death.
The Quran promotes a democratic system, encouraging participation of all citizens (Q.58:11). It advocates for the election of officials based on qualifications and principles of justice (Q.4:58). The Quran promises justice for everyone, regardless of their creed or ethnicity (Q.5:8). It acknowledges citizens’ rights to publicly petition against injustices committed by individuals or the government (Q.4:148). Furthermore, the Quran encourages the distribution of wealth, economic freedom, and social welfare (Q.2:215, 59:7).
2.Freedom of Choice
The Quran unequivocally affirms the principle of individual freedom in matters of faith and belief: “There is no compulsion in religion. The right direction is distinct from the wrong.” (Q. 2:256) This verse rejects coercion in religion, underscoring the importance of voluntary belief and adherence. Compelling individuals to follow a particular interpretation of religious law contradicts this foundational principle.
“The truth is from your Lord, so whoever wills—let him believe; and whoever wills—let him disbelieve.” (Q.18:29) By affirming free will in matters of belief, the Quran emphasizes that faith must stem from personal conviction, not state-imposed mandates.
A secular state that protects religious freedom and does not impose a singular interpretation of Sharia aligns with this Quranic emphasis on non-coercion. Such a state creates an environment where individuals can fulfil their moral and spiritual responsibilities to God autonomously.
3.Coercion is Against the Spirit of Islam
Coercive enforcement of religious law undermines several key Quranic principles:
• Moral Agency: The Quran envisions humans as moral agents accountable to God alone. Forced compliance to Sharia erodes personal accountability.
• Justice and Mercy: The Quranic values of justice, compassion, and mercy are incompatible with authoritarian governance that suppresses dissent and diversity.
• Historical Lessons: The abuse of coercive authority throughout history, including in the name of religion, demonstrates its potential to violate Quranic ideals.
Islam, as articulated in the Quran and exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad, is fundamentally a faith of conviction and choice, not compulsion. The essence of Islamic teaching emphasizes freedom of belief, individual accountability, and the inviolable autonomy of the human conscience. The Quran unequivocally declares, “There is no compulsion in religion” (Q.2:256)—a profound principle that underscores the incompatibility of coercion with the spirit of Islam.
The Quran affirms that belief is a matter of personal choice, one that cannot be enforced externally. It explicitly states:
“Whoever chooses to follow the right path does so for his own good. Say to whoever deviates from it, ‘I am only here to warn’” (Q.27:92).
This statement reflects the Quranic understanding that faith arises from sincere conviction, not from external pressure or coercion. Furthermore, the Quran addresses the Prophet Muhammad directly, reminding him that his role was to convey the message, not to compel belief:
“So remind, [O Muhammad]; you are only a reminder. You are not over them a controller” (Q.88:21-22).
This principle is reiterated in Quran 24:54, emphasizing that guidance and faith are ultimately matters between the individual and God. The Quran also acknowledges the inevitability of religious diversity, recognizing that differences in belief are a natural part of human existence:
“If your Lord had willed, all those on earth would have believed. Will you then compel people to become believers?” (Q.10:99).
This acknowledgment reinforces the idea that Islam does not seek to eliminate diversity through force but instead embraces it as part of the divine plan.
The life of the Prophet Muhammad offers practical examples of Islam’s stance against coercion. One notable incident, recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari (Volume 9, Book 92, Number 424), recounts a man who converted to Islam in Medina but later sought to revert to his previous faith. The Prophet did not impose any punishment on the man, allowing him to leave freely. This instance highlights the Prophet’s consistent adherence to the Quranic principle of no compulsion in matters of faith.
Additionally, the Quran references episodes of apostasy during the Medinan period. Some individuals vacillated between Islam and their former religions, yet no worldly punishment was prescribed for their actions. Instead, the Quran warns of severe consequences in the Hereafter, affirming that ultimate judgment lies with God:
“They will have a severe punishment because they lied” (Q.63:3).
Significantly, the Quran does not prescribe any earthly punishment for apostasy. Instead, it stresses that belief is a deeply personal matter, rooted in the inner conscience of the individual. As Abdulla Saeed and H. Saeed observes, classical Islamic legal interpretations that mandate capital punishment for apostasy diverge from the Quran’s emphasis on freedom of belief. These interpretations arose during a period when political and social contexts influenced legal developments, often conflating apostasy with treason or rebellion (Saeed, pp. 51–87).
The absence of prophetic precedent for punishing simple acts of apostasy further underscores Islam’s commitment to freedom of religion. If such a punishment had been integral to Islamic teaching, the Prophet’s practice would have provided clear evidence to support it. Instead, his actions consistently reflected a spirit of tolerance and respect for individual autonomy. (Saeed, pp. 82–83).
For instance, Abdulla Saeed and H. Saeed document a case in which a man who converted to Islam in Medina later decided to return to his former religion. The Prophet allowed the man to leave freely without imposing any punishment. (Saeed, p. 83).
This approach fosters understanding and mutual respect, affirming that faith thrives in an atmosphere of freedom, not fear. Coercion is antithetical to the spirit of Islam, which champions freedom of belief as a divine right and an essential element of human dignity. The Quranic injunction “There is no compulsion in religion” (Q.2:256) serves as a cornerstone of Islamic teaching, emphasizing that faith must arise from genuine conviction, not force. The life of the Prophet Muhammad and the Quranic narrative consistently uphold this principle, offering a timeless framework for promoting religious freedom and pluralism. By rejecting coercion and affirming the sanctity of individual choice, Islam presents a vision of faith that is both empowering and compassionate—a beacon for all who seek truth in an age of diversity.
4.Human Earthly Life as a Testing Ground
The Quran conceptualizes life as a testing ground for moral and spiritual growth:
“He Who created death and life to test you as to which of you is best in deed.” (Q. 67:2)
“Every soul shall taste death. And We test you by evil and by good by way of trial.” (Q. 21:35)
These verses emphasize the importance of personal choice and accountability in navigating life’s trials. Coercive political authority, by imposing specific religious practices, undermines the individual’s moral agency and compromises the Quranic principle of accountability. Humans are expected to act out of genuine moral conviction, not due to external compulsion.
5.Pluralism and Respect for Diversity
Please refer to the commentary from a renowned Quran translation, which notes that the term “Mu’minun” (believers) in the Quran is not exclusive to Muslims. Rather, it encompasses the faithful of other religions as well:
“The verse Q.5:69 is nearly identical to 2:62; Compare this verse also to 22:17, where it is said that God will judge between those who believe, the Jews, the Sabeans, the Christians, and the Magians (or Zoroastrians, majus), on the Day of Resurrection. This present verse, however, situated as it is within a surah largely devoted to the People of the Book, and within a long section that discusses the People of the Book critically, represents one of the most important Quranic affirmations of the potential of those outside the Muslim community to achieve salvation. Although Jews, Christians, and Sabeans are mentioned specifically, the verse also refers more broadly to whosoever believes in God and the Last Day and works righteousness, thereby opening the possibility of salvation even beyond the Abrahamic faiths.” (Nasr, p.716-717)
The Quran acknowledges the diversity of human beliefs and underscores the importance of peaceful coexistence:
“To each of you We prescribed a law and a way. Had God willed, He would have made you one nation [united in faith].” (Q.5:48)
This verse suggests that diversity in religious expression is divinely ordained, encouraging cooperation and coexistence rather than uniformity or imposition.
“Indeed, We have honoured the children of Adam.” (Q.17:70)
The universal honour accorded to humanity implies a shared dignity that transcends religious boundaries (see Q.30:30, 7:172).
A secular state that accommodates religious pluralism and protects the rights of all communities aligns with this Quranic vision of diversity and mutual respect.
6.Justice and Ethical Governance
The Quran strongly emphasizes justice as a core value of governance:
“Indeed, God commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people to judge with justice.” (Q.4:58)
Justice is not confined to the Muslim community but applies universally to all people.
“Be just; that is nearer to righteousness.” (Q.5:8)
This verse underscores the moral imperative of justice, even in challenging circumstances.
A secular state, by upholding justice impartially and ensuring the rule of law for all its citizens regardless of their faith, better fulfils these Quranic ideals than a state that privileges one interpretation of Sharia law.
7.Historical Lessons and the Example of Prophet Joseph
The Quran provides examples of governance that underscore cooperation across religious and cultural divides:
“Joseph said, ‘Appoint me over the storehouses of the land. Indeed, I will be a knowing guardian.’” (Q.12:55)
Prophet Joseph served in a government that was not based on his religious beliefs. His example illustrates the Quranic endorsement of ethical leadership within pluralistic and secular frameworks.
8.The Quranic Directives for a Democratic Polity
The Quran presents a vision for governance rooted in collective decision-making, justice, and accountability, offering a framework that resonates with the principles of democracy. These directives are like a compass, guiding societies toward a just and equitable political system. This paper explores Quranic teachings emphasizing consultation, representation, ethical leadership, justice, and social responsibility as the pillars of a democratic polity.
The Quran underscores the importance of mutual consultation (shura) in decision-making, laying the foundation for participatory governance (Q.3:159, 42:38).
The Quran unequivocally condemns corruption, likening it to a disease that eats away at the moral fabric of society (Q.2:188). Justice is the lifeblood of governance, without which society becomes a house built on sand. The Quran insists that fairness must be upheld even in the face of adversity (Q.5:8, 4:135). This directive is a clarion call to rise above personal grievances and ensure that justice, like a river, flows freely and unimpeded.
A Quranic democratic polity is designed to be a fertile ground for virtue and collective welfare:
“You are the best-suited community that has been raised up for the good of mankind. You shall enjoin the Right and discourage the Wrong.” (Q.3:110)
“Help one another in furthering virtue and God-consciousness, and do not help one another in furthering evil and enmity.” (Q.5:2).
This vision portrays society as a tapestry, where every thread contributes to the greater beauty and strength of the whole. Cooperation and mutual respect are the bricks and mortar of this structure. The Quran advises engaging with others with wisdom and diplomacy (Q.16:125). Such an approach ensures that disagreements become stepping stones rather than stumbling blocks, transforming adversaries into allies, like turning foes into friends. The Quranic framework emphasizes that societal change begins at the individual level, much like the ripple effect caused by a single stone thrown into a pond (Q.13:11). This principle underscores that governance is a mirror reflecting the character and values of the people it serves. A just and flourishing society is like a garden that thrives when its citizens nurture it with ethical behaviour and collective responsibility. The Quran offers a timeless blueprint for a democratic polity, grounded in consultation, justice, ethical leadership, and collective responsibility. It envisions governance not as a throne but as a trust, where power is a tool to uplift the community, not a ladder for personal gain. By prohibiting corruption, advocating justice, and emphasizing moral accountability, the Quranic vision lays the foundation for a society where fairness, inclusivity, and human dignity shine like guiding stars. In essence, this framework serves as a torchbearer, illuminating the path toward a just and harmonious world.
9.The Pursuit of Human Excellence
The pursuit of human excellence is a timeless and universal endeavour, deeply rooted in the divine purpose outlined in the Quran. This sacred text underscores the significance of spiritual, moral, intellectual, and social development as key dimensions of a fulfilling life.
At the heart of this pursuit lies the spiritual connection between humanity and the Divine. The Quran invites individuals to draw closer to God through prayer, reflection, and righteous actions, emphasizing that worship extends beyond rituals to encompass a life aligned with divine guidance:
“I did not create the jinn and mankind except to worship Me” (Q.51:56).
“Establish prayer for My remembrance” (Q.20:14).
This spiritual dimension highlights the centrality of aligning one’s life with higher principles, fostering inner peace, and cultivating a sense of purpose.
Moral excellence is another pillar of human flourishing. The Quran calls for the embodiment of virtues such as honesty, justice, compassion, and forgiveness, urging individuals to build a righteous character and avoid harmful behaviours:
“Indeed, God commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge between people, to judge with justice” (Q.4:58).
“Speak to people with good words” (Q.2:83).
Through moral integrity, individuals contribute to the ethical foundation of a harmonious society.
Social responsibility is equally emphasized as a cornerstone of human excellence. The Quran advocates for justice, care for the vulnerable, and the promotion of unity within a diverse world:
“Cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression” (Q.5:2).
By fostering mutual respect and collaboration, humanity can work toward a just and equitable society.
The pursuit of intellectual excellence is also integral to the Quranic vision of human development. The Quran encourages knowledge, reflection, and critical thinking, recognizing these as vital tools for personal growth and societal progress:
“Read, in the name of your Lord who has created” (Q.96:1).
“Are those who know equal to those who know not?” (Q.39:9).
This call to intellectual curiosity empowers individuals to seek truth, innovate, and contribute meaningfully to the world.
By striving for excellence in these interconnected dimensions, individuals fulfil their divine purpose and advance the collective well-being of society. The Quran offers a comprehensive framework for human flourishing, urging humanity to seek spiritual enlightenment, moral integrity, social harmony, and intellectual growth. Through this holistic approach, the pursuit of human excellence becomes a pathway to personal fulfilment and a better world for all.
10.The Olympics of Righteousness
The Quran beautifully emphasizes the importance of competing in good deeds, urging individuals to run the race of life with purpose and virtue. This noble endeavour, likened to the “Olympics of Righteousness,” represents a lifelong pursuit of moral and spiritual excellence. Just as athletes dedicate themselves to achieving glory in the arena, believers are called to strive tirelessly for goodness, leaving behind a legacy that shines like a beacon for others.
The Quran explicitly encourages this spiritual competition in several verses. In Q.2:148, it proclaims:
“For each [religious following] is a direction toward which it faces. So compete with one another in good deeds.”
Here, the imagery is clear: the path to righteousness is like a racecourse, where participants, regardless of their starting line or background, aim for the finish line of virtue. The emphasis is not on mere participation but on striving to excel, to be the best version of oneself.
Similarly, Q.5:48 echoes this sentiment:
“So compete with one another in good deeds.”
This verse is a clarion call, urging believers to rise above complacency and mediocrity. It encourages them to sharpen their moral compass, like a skilled artisan honing their craft, and to judge their actions by the yardstick of divine guidance.
The rewards for this moral marathon are unparalleled. In Q.6:160, the Quran assures:
“Whoever comes [on the Day of Judgement] with a good deed will have ten times the like thereof [to his credit], and whoever comes with an evil deed will not be recompensed except the like thereof; and they will not be wronged.”
This verse paints a vivid picture of a just and generous divine economy, where good deeds multiply like seeds sown in fertile soil, yielding a bountiful harvest of blessings. Conversely, evil deeds are weighed justly, ensuring no soul is treated unfairly.
The “Olympics of Righteousness” encourages individuals to take the high road, rise above pettiness, and put their best foot forward in the journey of life. It calls for a commitment to moral and spiritual growth as steadfast as a lighthouse guiding ships through stormy seas. By embracing this ethos, believers can cultivate an unshakable dedication to excellence, reaping rewards both in this world and the Hereafter.
This metaphor of spiritual competition also reflects the Quranic values of perseverance, teamwork, and humility. Like runners passing the baton in a relay, individuals are reminded of their collective responsibility to uplift society. The pursuit of righteousness is not a solitary endeavour but a shared mission, where every act of goodness adds a stitch to the rich tapestry of human decency.
The “Olympics of Righteousness” invites each of us to aim for the gold standard of virtue, turning every challenge into a stepping stone and every good deed into a sparkling gem in the treasure chest of life. It is a race worth running—a journey that transforms the soul and leaves an indelible mark on the world.
11.Responding to Negativity with Positivity
The Quran provides guidance on how to interact with those who may be hostile or dismissive of the divine message. These verses encourage believers to respond with patience, wisdom, and kindness, even in the face of adversity:
The Quran advises believers to disregard the insults and mockery of those who reject the truth: “Do not obey the rejecters and the hypocrites, and ignore their insults, and put your trust in God; for God suffices as an advocate” (Q.33:48).
The Quran encourages believers to engage in constructive dialogue, even with those who disagree: “Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction, and argue with them in a way that is best” (Q.16:125).
When faced with negativity, believers are encouraged to respond with kindness and forgiveness: “Take to pardoning, and order with what is good, and leave alone the ignorant ones” (Q. 7:199).
If necessary, believers are advised to disengage from those who persist in negativity: “When you hear the revelations of God being rejected and mocked, then do not sit with them until they move on to a different narrative…” (Q.4:140).
The Quran emphasizes the importance of discerning between constructive and destructive discourse: “Those who listen to what is said, then follow the best of it; those are the ones God has guided, and are the men of understanding” (Q.39:18).
The Quran contains multiple examples of the messengers being ridiculed (Q.13:32, 15:11, 21:41), including prophet Muhammad (Q.16:101, 25:4, 17:47, 25:8, 37:36), of God and the Quran being mocked (21:5, 38:7, 25:5, 7:180) but there is not one instance of allowing violence or a punishment for such an act.
By following these guidelines, believers can navigate challenging social situations with grace and wisdom, promoting understanding, tolerance, and peace.
12.Fostering a Just and Pluralistic Society
The Quranic emphasis on freedom of belief, individual accountability, justice, and pluralism suggests that a secular state—where no single religious interpretation is imposed—is more aligned with its teachings than an Islamic theocracy. This alignment is rooted in the Quranic values of respecting individual autonomy, promoting justice and fairness, and acknowledging the diversity of human experiences and beliefs.
Such a secular state ensures that individuals can exercise their moral and spiritual responsibilities freely, fosters mutual respect among diverse communities, and upholds justice as a universal value. By separating religion from the state, a secular framework creates space for diverse perspectives and beliefs to coexist, promoting a culture of tolerance, empathy, and understanding. This, in turn, fosters a more just and harmonious society, where individuals can thrive and reach their full potential.
Rather than diminishing the role of religion, a secular framework amplifies the Quranic vision of a society built on compassion, equity, and human dignity. By recognizing the importance of individual freedom and autonomy, a secular state creates an environment where individuals can engage with their faith more meaningfully, without fear of coercion or persecution. Ultimately, this alignment with Quranic teachings promotes a more authentic and vibrant expression of faith, one that is grounded in individual conviction and a deep sense of moral responsibility.
Bibliography
Abdulla Saeed and H. Saeed, Freedom of Religion, Apostasy, and Islam, London: Ashgate, 2004
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (Editor), The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary, New York: HarperOne, 2015
V.A. Mohamad Ashrof is an independent Indian scholar of Islamic humanism.
10 December 2024
Source: countercurrents.org
